[Benefits and limitations of geriatric dysphagia screening tools]. / Intérêt et limites des outils de dépistage de la dysphagie en gériatrie.

This prospective study aims to evaluate both benefits and limitations of dysphagia screening tools (DePippo, EAT10, V-VST, the IOPI tongue-strength assessment) used in a geriatric unit. Among the 102 patients under study, 47 showed a dysphagia diagnosed by full logopedic examination. The sensitivity and the specificity of the screening tools were, respectively, 31,9 % and 83,6 % for EAT10, 86,9 % and 52,7 % for the V-VST and 76,6 % and 65,0 % for the DePippo test. Regarding the posterior tongue strength assessment, the threshold value of 31kPA showed an 77,3 % sensitivity and a 52,7 % specificity. Given the results obtained from the above-mentioned screening tools and their practical application limitations, the DePippo test appears to be the most convenient for a day-to-day geriatric utilization. Finally, this study outlines the necessity of confirming, in a larger sample, the reproducibility of the DePippo test as well as the interest of measuring the tongue strength among frail older people.

L'objectif de cette étude prospective était d'évaluer l'intérêt et les limites d'outils de dépistage de la dysphagie (DePippo, EAT10, V-VST, mesure de la force de langue par IOPI) lors de leur utilisation au sein d'un service de gériatrie. Parmi les 102 patients inclus, 47 présentaient une dysphagie relevée par une évaluation logopédique complète. La sensibilité et la spécificité des tests de dépistage ont été respectivement de 31,9 % et 83,6 % pour l'EAT10, de 86,9 % et 52,7 % pour le V-VST, et de 76,6 % et 65,0 % pour le test de DePippo. Concernant la force postérieure de la langue, la valeur seuil minimale de 31 kPa présentait une sensibilité de 77,3 % et une spécificité de 52,7 %. Bien que moins sensible que le V-VST, le test de DePippo (test à l'eau) est plus largement applicable aux patients fragiles hospitalisés en gériatrie. De plus, cette étude met en lumière la nécessité de préciser, au sein d'un échantillon plus large, la reproductibilité du test de DePippo et l'intérêt de la mesure de la force de langue. En conclusion, et sous réserve de son taux de reproductibilité à préciser, le test de DePippo apparaît, actuellement, être l'outil de dépistage le plus adapté à une utilisation en gériatrie.

Guidelines of clinical practice for the management of swallowing disorders and recent dysphonia in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Procedures putting healthcare workers in close contact with the airway are particularly at risk of contamination by the SARS-Cov-2 virus, especially when exposed to sputum, coughing, or a tracheostomy. In the current pandemic phase, all patients should be considered as potentially infected. Thus, the level of precaution recommended for the caregivers depends more on the type of procedure than on the patient's proved or suspected COVID-19 status. Procedures that are particularly at high risk of contamination are clinical and flexible endoscopic pharyngo-laryngological evaluation, and probably also video fluoroscopic swallowing exams. Voice rehabilitation should not be considered urgent at this time. Therefore, recommendations presented here mainly concern the management of swallowing disorders, which can sometimes be dangerous for the patient, and recent dysphonia. In cases where they are considered possible and useful, teleconsultations should be preferred to face-to-face assessments or rehabilitation sessions. The latter must be maintained only in few selected situations, after team discussions or in accordance with the guidelines provided by health authorities.

Prevalence and characterisation of vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI) in patients with Multiple system atrophy compared with Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which vocal fold mobility can be affected, sometimes leading to life-threatening situations. Our aim was to know if laryngeal examination could help differentiate MSA from Parkinson's disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2004 to 2014, all consecutive patients diagnosed with probable MSA were included in this retrospective, monocentric study. Flexible laryngoscopy was obtained in 51 MSA patients and compared with 27 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Laryngeal muscles EMG was available in 6 MSA patients. RESULTS: Vocal fold motion impairments (VFMI) was found in 35 (68.6%) MSA patients: 15 (29.4%) had uni- or bilateral vocal fold abnormal movement (VFAM), 13 (25.5%) had uni- or bilateral vocal fold abductor paresis (VFABP), 4 (7.8%) had uni- or bilateral vocal fold adductor paresis (VFADP), 10 (19.6%) had bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP). VFMI was found in 13 PD patients (48.1%) all of whom had VFADP. Presence of BVFP was found associated with stridor (P<0.001) and dysphagia (P=0.002). In all muscles examined in 6 MSA patients, the EMG showed neuropathic patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support that VFMI may be encountered in two-thirds of MSA with a variable degree of gravity. Laryngological examination should be considered as a supplementary tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of MSA. VFMI in particular VFAM, VFABD and BVFP should be discussed as an additional possible red flag even at an early stage of MSA and could help discriminate MSA from PD.

[An unexpected discovery of laryngeal neurofibroma during intubation for elective surgery]. / Le cas clinique du mois. Découverte fortuite d'un neurofibrome laryngé lors d'une intubation chez une patiente atteinte de neurofibromatose de type 1.

We report the unexpected discovery of a large laryngeal neurofibroma during a direct laryngoscopy for intubation in a 18-year old female with a medical history of neurofibromatosis type 1. The most striking feature of this case report is the discrepancy between the absence of clinical manifestations and the size and location of the neurofibroma. This case highlights the importance of a careful preoperative assessment, especially in the context of multisystemic disease. Knowledge of the disease, recognition of related complications and adequate preoperative evaluation are crucial to establish the safest anesthesia strategy.

Nous rapportons la découverte fortuite d'un volumineux neurofibrome laryngé lors de la laryngoscopie précédant une intubation endotrachéale chez une patiente de 18 ans atteinte d'une neurofibromatose de type 1, par ailleurs asymptomatique. Ce cas est remarquable par l'absence de toute manifestation clinique rapportée par la patiente malgré le volumineux neurofibrome présent dans le larynx. Il souligne l'importance d'une mise au point préopératoire approfondie, particulièrement dans le cas de maladies multisystémiques. Une bonne connaissance de cette maladie et de ses complications est indispensable pour réaliser un bilan préopératoire adéquat et déterminer la stratégie d'anesthésie la plus adaptée à ces patients.

Acoustic correlates of vocal effort: External factors and personality traits.

OBJECTIVES: To develop an experimental protocol to study the vocal effort generated by introducing barriers to communication, and its relationship with certain personality traits. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental protocol consisted of an interactive game in which the subject gave an investigator instructions to adopt various body positions (semi-directed communication situation). The Control situation included no constraints on communication. Then a Distance Constraint (increased distance between subject and investigator) and a Time Constraint (generation of performance stress by putting the subject in competition with others) were introduced. The vocal parameters studied comprised vocal intensity and fundamental frequency in the middle of the vowel of 3 target phonemes. Subjects also took the NEO FFI-R personality test. RESULTS: The study included 41 women aged between 18 and 52 years. Vocal intensity and fundamental frequency increased significantly with the introduction of the constraints (P<0.05), intensity passing from 75.5dB to 81.8dB and frequency from 249.4Hz to 335.8Hz. No correlations were found between these changes and results for the various personality traits. CONCLUSIONS: This ecological protocol enables the impact of both physical and emotional obstacles to communication to be studied. No correlations between vocal effort and personality traits emerged. A larger-scale study would be necessary to analyze the continuum between vocal effort and vocal forcing, to improve speech therapy for dysfunctional dysphonia.

[About a case of laryngeal location of SAPHO]. / À propos d'un cas de SAPHO de localisation laryngée.

INTRODUCTION: Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) is a syndrome that combines dermatological, articular and osseous inflammatory manifestations. Bilateral laryngeal immobility relative to cricoarytenoid joint origin is very uncommon. This article presents a case of bilateral cricoarytenoid joint ankylosis in a SAPHO syndrome context. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old patient presenting with a two year history of intermittent bouts of dyspnea. A SAPHO syndrome was discussed on repeated thoracic CT-scan. The link between dyspnea and SAPHO syndrome had not been made immediately given the absence of any known anteriority. However, having ruled out other etiologies and after having had to perform a tracheotomy due a worsening of the respiratory condition, this diagnosis was considered. Treatment by corticosteroids and infliximab permitted a clinical improvement of the patient. CONCLUSION: This clinical case report should increase awareness of possible cricoarytenoid joint involvement in SAPHO.

A pilot study about speech changes after partial Tucker's laryngectomy: the reduction of regressive voicing assimilation.

Partial frontolateral laryngectomy (PL) is performed to remove larynx tumor while preserving its main functions. So far, the speech changes induced by difficulties of voicing and the alterations to the vocal tract due to PL have been seldom addressed. The goal of our study was to make an acoustic analysis of regressive voicing assimilation (RVA) among patients after PL and to study the relationship with rates of speech. A retrospective study was conducted from January to April 2013. 11 subjects treated by partial frontolateral laryngectomy, and ten healthy subjects were included. Functional recordings of voice were analyzed and compared. For assimilation sequences we found a significant modification of voicing ratio in healthy subjects (p < 0.05) and PL patient at accelerated speaking rate only (p < 0.05). The vowel duration is significantly modified only for healthy subjects. For all subjects (PL patients and healthy) the duration of C1 consonant was not significantly modified. Our results highlight the presence of RVA in healthy subjects, but also in PL patients in the rapid speaking mode.

A videofluoroscopic study comparing severe swallowing disorders in patients treated surgically or with radiation for oropharyngeal cancer.

The aim of this study was to analyze the causal mechanisms of severe swallowing disorders after the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. Twenty-six patients with severe swallowing disorders at ≥12 months after treatment for oropharyngeal cancer were analyzed retrospectively using videofluoroscopy. Fourteen patients (54%) had been treated with surgery (±postoperative radiotherapy), while 12 patients (46%) had been treated with (chemo)radiotherapy. Videofluoroscopy analysis showed a localized alteration in the surgical excision area resulting in impaired tongue root retraction in the surgical group (P=0.012), while general impairment of the pharyngeal, laryngeal, and upper oesophagus sphincter was found in the non-surgical group. Aspirations in the surgical group most often occurred after swallowing, while in the non-surgical group, they occurred during and after swallowing (P=0.039). This analysis by videofluoroscopy provides important insights into the mechanisms giving rise to swallowing disorders after the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer.

[Dynamic palatography: Diagnostic tool for dysfunc­tional swallowing? Feasibility study].

Objective: Dysfunctional swallowing may cause transverse occlusal disorders. The speech re-education of dysfunctional swallowing aims to correct or prevent the recurrence of occlu­sal disorders. The main objective was to test the dynamic palato­graphy as a diagnosis and quantification tool of the dysfunctional swallowing. Material and methods: The study was prospective and descriptive. Twelve average 23.5 years old women with a clinical dysfunctional swallowing have been included between January and May 2014. None was aware of presenting an atypical swallowing or dento-facial dysmorphism of class II. The dynamic palatography device measured the pressure force of the language on the palate during the lingual rest, swallowing saliva and water. Parameters measured were the duration and magnitude of support of the tongue on the palate. Results: Dynamic palatography showed a trend to predominant anterior contact during rest position (25%), and lower position of the language with little contact during swallo­wing of saliva and water. Discussion: Palatography results are consistent with the clinical diagnostic criteria of atypical swallo­wing. Our palatography tool has the advantage of being unobtrusive in the mouth compared to other pre existing systems. This device should be tested on larger patient popu­la­tions and could enable monitore atypical swallowing rehabili­ta­tion efficiency. The palatography could complete the swallo­wing assessment and be a monitoring and rehabilitation tool in real time.

[Lymphatic drainage of skin areas of head and neck: in vivo approach by the location of the sentinel node]. / Drainage lymphatique des territoires cutanés de la tête et du cou : approche in vivo par la localisation du ganglion sentinelle.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to determine the preferential territories of drainage of skin areas of the face and neck. This knowledge can guide the strategies of diagnostic (search for primary tumor skin to cervical lymphadenopathy) and treatment (determination of the extent of neck dissection to achieve in case of skin tumor). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of the surgical procedures of sentinel node research between January 2003 and April 2011. The lymphoscintigraphic and intraoperative localization of the initial tumor site and sentinel lymph node were collected. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: One hundred and thirty-seven patients were included in the study. The parotid gland is a privileged territory of drainage of the head and neck skin. At cervical level, the submental region drains the lower and median part of the face (lips and chin). The posterior segments (IIb and V sector) were represented for the posterior locations of the head (ear, vertex), and cervical region.

Fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen section in the diagnosis of malignant parotid tumours.

The aim of this study was to determine the value of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and frozen section (FS) in the diagnosis of malignant parotid tumours. One hundred and thirty-eight patients who underwent FNAC and FS of a parotid tumour between 2006 and 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of FNAC and FS were determined using final histological diagnosis as the gold standard. Of the 138 tumours assessed in our study, 30 were malignant and 108 benign. For FNAC, the sensitivity was 73%, specificity 87%, positive predictive value 61%, and negative predictive value 90%. For FS, the sensitivity was 80%, specificity 98%, positive predictive value 92%, and negative predictive value 94%. Four false-negative results by FNAC were corrected by FS, and surgery was completed. Two false-positive results were identified by both FNAC and FS. FNAC is an important examination that provides valuable information for the preoperative diagnostic work-up and alerts the surgeon to the possible presence of malignancy. However, FNAC cannot be used alone, and FS has a very important place in the intraoperative management of parotid tumours.

The influence of age on postoperative complications after total laryngectomy or pharyngolaryngectomy.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the role of age in the occurrence of postoperative complications after total laryngopharyngectomy (TLP) or total laryngectomy (TL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study including all patients who underwent TLP or TL in our institution between January 2005 and December 2010. The impact of age (greater than 65 years), history of cancer treatments and comorbidities on early postoperative course was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Out of the 97 patients operated on, 21% had cancer of the hypopharynx and 79% of the larynx. Mean age at surgery was 63 years (41-90 years). 44% of patients were more than or equal to 65 years of age. Regarding local complications, only age (p = 0.004) had a statistically significant influence in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, age (OR 21.4, p = 0.0001) and alcohol consumption (OR 0.18, p = 0.04) were significant. Factors influencing the occurrence of general complications were, in univariate analysis: age >65 years (p = 0.003), type of surgery (p = 0.042), the presence of cardiovascular history (p = 0.47) and ASA score >2 (p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, only age >65 years remained significant (OR 3.31, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of preoperative oncogeriatric evaluation from the age of 65 years to optimize surgical management.

[Study of tongue pressure on the hard palate during exercises of swallowing rehabilitation]. / Etude de la pression de la langue sur le palais osseux au cours desexercices de rééducation de la déglutition.

INTRODUCTION: The exercises performed during the reeducation of swallowing seek to improve forces of propulsion of the bolus and airway protection during the course of swallowing. The objective of this study was to objectify the effect of pronunciation praxis of posterior phonemes /aka/ and /akra/, and swallowing maneuvers (super-supraglottic swallow with or without superimposed effort swallowing effort) on the time of the oral swallowing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four healthy volunteers participated in the experiment. They are called "experts" because they have a good knowledge of physiology and rehabilitation of swallowing. The dynamic palatography setup measured continuously the different pressures from the tongue on the hard palate through three force sensors arranged in a sagittal plane during the implementation of articulatory and swallowing tasks. RESULTS: Articulatory praxis created significant pressure on the posterior sensor for 2 of the 4 subjects. All the swallowing maneuvers increased the contact pressure and the contact duration compared to the control swallowing for the anterior and posterior pressure sensor. A large inter-individual variability was found. CONCLUSION: The complexity of instruction, the inter-individual variability in their performance, and the non-invasive nature of the instrument make the dynamic palatography a potentially useful tool in routine practice of swallowing reeducation.

Management of vascular malformations of the parotid area.

OBJECTIVES: To describe our experience in the management of vascular malformations of the parotid area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Among 614 parotidectomy performed between 1998 and 2008 at our institution, 10 cases (1.6%) of vascular malformations have been identified. Clinical features and management of these patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Clinical presentation was usually related to that of a benign, slow-growing and asymptomatic tumor. There was a marked female predominance (90%). In any case, the diagnosis of vascular malformation could be obtained with certainty preoperatively. Surgical excision was performed most often referred to diagnosis. Sixty percent of vascular malformations were located in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland. On the histological we found a classic look with benign vascular proliferation of endothelial cells in the walls. The vessel lumen was either the head of a congestion or thrombosis or calcification (phleboliths). CONCLUSION: Vascular malformations of the parotid gland, rare disease, are mainly venous. The terminology is based on clinical data, scalable, histological and hemodynamic as classified by the International Society of Study of Vascular Anomaly (ISSVA). Despite advances in imaging including MRI they remain difficult to diagnose. The treatment of reference is surgical excision.

Utility of the LigaSure vessel sealing system during major head and neck cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the haemostatic efficacy and safety of the LigaSure vessel sealing system in major head and neck cancer surgery. METHODS: This two-year, prospective study included 34 patients who underwent major head and neck cancer surgery at a university hospital. The LigaSure Precise handpiece and LigaSure 8 vessel sealing system were utilised as the primary means of haemostasis, except when sealing vessels larger than 7 mm in diameter. Surgical outcomes were evaluated. In addition, in each patient the diameter of the largest vein and artery sealed (all were >2 mm) was measured before sealing. RESULTS: In all cases except one (33/34 patients), a sutureless technique was performed. Post-operative bleeding was observed in two cases. Thirty veins and 22 arteries were measured. The mean diameter of the largest sealed vein was 3.8 mm, while that of the largest sealed artery was 2.7 mm. CONCLUSION: Our experience indicates that the surgical technique described is safe and effective. The main advantages of the LigaSure system are that it simplifies the procedure and eliminates the need for clips and suture ligations.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the management of parotid masses: evaluation of 249 patients.

INTRODUCTION: The role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the management of parotid tumours is still the subject of controversy. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of FNAC in our institution in order to define its place in the diagnostic strategy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was based on 249 patients who had undergone preoperative FNAC before being operated in our institution between 2001 and 2008. All examinations were performed and interpreted by the same experienced pathologist. RESULTS: Among the 249 patients included in this study, 187 (75%) had a benign tumour and 62 (25%) had a malignant tumour. No complications of FNAC were observed. Cytological findings were non-contributory in 47 patients (18%). The sensitivity of FNAC for the diagnosis of malignancy was 80% with a specificity of 89.5%. Among the 11 false-negative results, lymphomas and low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas were the most common histological types. Among the 16 false-positive results, Warthin's tumours, pleomorphic adenomas and lymphoepithelial lesions were the most common histological types. Accurate histological classification of the tumour was reported in 79.5% of cases (86% for benign tumours and 44% for malignant tumours). CONCLUSION: FNAC is a reliable examination providing important information to the surgeon in the preoperative diagnostic assessment.

Prognostic value of the status of resection margins after endoscopic laser cordectomy for T1a glottic carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The small size of endoscopic laser cordectomy (ELC) specimens frequently leads the histopathologist to assess excision margins as pathologic. The present study sought to assess the prognostic value of margin status in terms of overall and of recurrence-free survival in a population of T1a glottic carcinoma operated on by ELC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four records of T1a squamous-cell carcinoma treated between 1996 and 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. Overall and recurrence-free survival for the group with negative margins (group 1) and with positive margins (group 2) were analyzed following Kaplan-Meier. The influence of resection margin histologic status was assessed on Log Rank test. RESULTS: Six female and 58 male patients were included. Forty (62.5%) had negative margins (group 1) and 24 (37.5%) positive margins (group 2). Overall five-year survival was 97% (95% in group 1 and 100% in group 2). Five-year recurrence-free survival was 94% (91.7% in group 1 and 95% in group 2). There was no significant difference in overall or recurrence-free survival according to resection margin histologic status. CONCLUSIONS: The present results show that margins considered positive after laser resection do not significantly impact carcinologic course, while still requiring close surveillance. The most generally recommended attitude is control endoscopy with biopsy at 10 weeks.